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Incident involving unlawful seizure of an aircraft in operation

"Air piracy" redirects here. For the type of stock character in scientific discipline fiction and fantasy, meet Air pirate.

Aircraft hijacking (also known as airplane hijacking, skyjacking, plane hijacking, plane jacking, air robbery, air piracy, or aircraft piracy, with the last term used within the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United states) is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group.[one] Dating from the primeval of hijackings, most cases involve the pilot beingness forced to fly co-ordinate to the hijacker's demands. Still, in rare cases, the hijackers take flown the aircraft themselves and used them in suicide attacks – almost notably in the September 11 attacks – and in several cases, planes have been hijacked by the official airplane pilot or co-pilot; e.g., the Lubitz case.[2] [3] [iv]

Unlike carjacking or sea piracy, an aircraft hijacking is not usually committed for robbery or theft. Individuals driven by personal proceeds frequently divert planes to destinations where they are not planning to get themselves.[5] Some hijackers intend to utilise passengers or crew as hostages, either for budgetary ransom or for some political or authoritative concession by authorities. Diverse motives take driven such occurrences, such equally demanding the release of certain high-profile individuals or for the right of political asylum (notably Flying ET 961), but sometimes a hijacking may have been afflicted by a failed individual life or financial distress, as in the instance of Aarno Lamminparras in the Oulu Shipping Hijacking.[6] Hijackings involving hostages take produced violent confrontations betwixt hijackers and the regime, during negotiation and settlement. In the case of Lufthansa Flight 181 and Air France Flight 139, the hijackers were not satisfied and showed no inclination to surrender, resulting in attempts past special forces to rescue passengers.[seven]

In most jurisdictions of the globe, aircraft hijacking is punishable by life imprisonment or a long prison sentence. In most jurisdictions where the death penalty is a legal punishment, aircraft hijacking is a capital crime, including in Cathay, Bharat, Liberia and the U.S. states of Georgia and Mississippi.

History [edit]

Airplane hijackings have occurred since the early days of flying. These tin can exist classified in the following eras: 1929–1957, 1958–1979, 1980–2000 and 2001–present. Early incidents involved low-cal planes, but this later involved passenger aircraft as commercial aviation became widespread.

1929–1957 [edit]

Betwixt 1929 and 1957, there were fewer than twenty incidents of reported hijackings worldwide; several occurred in Eastern Europe.[viii]

One of the outset unconfirmed hijackings occurred in Dec 1929. J. Howard "Doc" DeCelles was flying a postal road for a Mexican firm, Transportes Aeras Transcontinentales, ferrying mail from San Luis Potosí to Torreon then on to Guadalajara. A lieutenant named Saturnino Cedillo, the governor of the state of San Luis Potosí, ordered him to divert. Several other men were also involved, and through an interpreter, DeCelles had no pick but to comply. He was allegedly held convict for several hours under armed guard before being released.[9]

Alarm posters in a Central African airdrome, 2012

The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on Feb 21, 1931, in Arequipa, Peru. Byron Richards, flying a Ford Tri-Motor, was approached on the basis by armed revolutionaries. He refused to fly them anywhere during a 10-solar day standoff. Richards was informed that the revolution was successful and he could be freed in return for flight 1 of the men to Lima.[10]

The following year, in September 1932, a Sikorsky S-38 with registration P-BDAD, yet bearing the titles of Nyrba practise Brasil was seized in the company'due south hangar past three men, who took a fourth as a hostage. Despite having no flight feel, they managed to take off. Still, the aircraft crashed in São João de Meriti, killing the four men. Apparently, the hijack was related to the events of the Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo; information technology is considered to be the first hijack that took place in Brazil.[ citations needed ]

On October 28, 1939, the first murder on a plane took identify in Brookfield, Missouri, US. The victim was Carl Bivens, a flight instructor, who was teaching a man named Hostage P. "Larry" Pletch. While airborne in a Taylor Cub monoplane, Pletch shot Bivens twice in the back of the caput. Pletch later on told prosecutors, "Carl was telling me I had a natural ability and I should follow that line", adding, "I had a revolver in my pocket and without saying a word to him, I took it out of my overalls and I fired a bullet into the back of his head. He never knew what struck him." The Chicago Daily Tribune stated it was one of the most spectacular crimes of the 20th century. Pletch pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. However, he was released on March i, 1957, after serving 17 years, and lived until June 2001.[9] [11] [12]

In 1942 near Malta, two New Zealanders, a South African and an Englishman accomplished the first confirmed in-air hijack when they overpowered their captors aboard an Italian seaplane that was flying them to a prisoner-of-war camp. Every bit they approached an Allied base, they were strafed past Spitfires unaware of the aircraft's true operators and forced to land on the water. However, all on board survived to be picked upwardly by a British boat.[13] [14]

In the years following World War II, Philip Baum, an aviation security expert suggests that the development of a rebellious youth "piggybacking on to whatever cause which challenged the status quo or acted in back up of those deemed oppressed", may have been a contributor to attacks against the aviation field.[nine] The start hijacking of a commercial flight occurred on the Cathay Pacific Miss Macao on July 16, 1948.[fifteen] After this incident and others in the 1950s, airlines recommended that flight crews comply with the hijackers' demands rather than risk a violent confrontation.[9] There were besides diverse hijacking incidents and assaults on planes in China and the Middle East.[9]

The first hijacking of a flying for political reasons happened in Bolivia, affecting the airline Lloyd Aereo Boliviano on September 26, 1956. The DC-4 was carrying 47 prisoners who were existence transported from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to El Alto, in La Paz. A political group was waiting to accept them to a concentration camp located in Carahuara de Carangas, Oruro. The 47 prisoners overpowered the crew and gained command of the aircraft while airborne and diverted the plane to Tartagal, Argentina. Prisoners took control of the shipping and received instructions to again wing to Salta, Argentina, every bit the airfield in Tartagal was not big enough. Upon landing, they told the government of the injustice they were subjected to, and received political aviary.

1958–1979 [edit]

Between 1958 and 1967, there were approximately forty hijackings worldwide.[8] Outset in 1958, hijackings from Cuba to other destinations started to occur; in 1961, hijackings from other destinations to Cuba became prevalent.[viii] The offset happened on May ane, 1961, on a flying from Miami to Primal Due west. The perpetrator, armed with a pocketknife and gun, forced the helm to land in Cuba.[9] [16]

Australia was relatively untouched by the threat of hijackings until July 19, 1960. On that evening, a 22-year-old Russian human being attempted to divert Trans Australia Airlines Flight 408 to Darwin or Singapore.[ix] The crew were able to subdue the human after a brief struggle.

Co-ordinate to the FAA, in the 1960s, there were 100 attempts of hijackings involving U.S. aircraft: 77 successful and 23 unsuccessful.[sixteen] Recognizing the danger early, the FAA issued a directive on July 28, 1961, which prohibits unauthorized persons from conveying concealed firearms and interfering with crew member duties.[xvi] The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 was amended to impose astringent penalties for those seizing control of a commercial aircraft.[16] Airlines could too refuse to send passengers who were likely to crusade danger. That same year, the FAA and Section of Justice created the Peace Officers Plan which put trained marshals on flights.[16] A few years after, on May 7, 1964, the FAA adopted a rule requiring that cockpit doors on commercial shipping be kept locked at all times.[16]

Destinations desired by U.S. hijackers, 1968–72[17]
Transport attempts
Destination Number
Cuba 90
Mexico 4
Italian republic three
Canada 2
Bahamas 1
Egypt i
Israel i
Northward Korea 1
North Vietnam 1
South Vietnam
 i
Sweden ane
Switzerland ane
United States one
Unknown iii
Extortion attempts
Extortion 26
Total 137

In a 5-twelvemonth period (1968–1972) the world experienced 326 hijack attempts, or one every v.6 days.[17] The incidents were frequent and oft just an inconvenience, which resulted in tv shows creating parodies.[18] Time mag fifty-fifty ran a lighthearted comedy piece called "What to Do When the Hijacker Comes".[19] Nearly incidents occurred in the United States. There were two distinct types: hijackings for transportation elsewhere and hijackings for extortion with the threat of damage.[17]

Between 1968 and 1972, there were ninety recorded ship attempts to Cuba. In dissimilarity, there were 26 extortion attempts (run across tabular array on the correct). The longest and first transcontinental (Los Angeles, Denver, New York, Bangor, Shannon and Rome) hijacking from the The states started on 31 October 1969.[20]

The Eastern Air Lines Shuttle flight 1320 on May 17, 1970, witnessed the outset fatality in the form of a U.S. highjacking.[21]

Incidents also became problematic exterior of the U.S. For instance, in 1968, El Al Flying 426 was seized by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) militants on 23 July, an incident which lasted 40 days, making it one of the longest. This record was later browbeaten in 1999.[22]

Every bit a outcome of the evolving threat, President Nixon issued a directive in 1970 to promote security at airports, electronic surveillance and multilateral agreements for tackling the problem.[16]

The International Ceremonious Aviation Arrangement (ICAO) issued a report on aircraft hijacking in July 1970. Beginning in 1969 until the end of June 1970, there were 118 incidents of unlawful seizure of aircraft and xiv incidents of sabotage and armed attacks confronting ceremonious aviation. This involved airlines of 47 countries and more than seven,000 passengers. In this flow, 96 people were killed and 57 were injured as a outcome of hijacking, sabotage and armed attacks.

The ICAO stated that this is not isolated to 1 nation or one region, only a worldwide result to the safe growth of international civil aviation.[23] Incidents also became notorious – in 1971, a man known as D. B. Cooper hijacked a plane and extorted The states$200,000 in bribe before parachuting over Oregon. He was never identified.[24]

On August 20, 1971, a Pakistan Air Force T-33 military machine plane was hijacked prior the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 in Karachi. Lieutenant Matiur Rahman attacked Officer Rashid Minhas and attempted to land in India. Minhas deliberately crashed the aeroplane into the ground almost Thatta to forbid the diversion.[25]

Countries around the world continued their efforts to tackle crimes committed on-board planes. The Tokyo Convention, drafted in 1958, established an agreement between signatories that the "land in which the aircraft is registered is competent to practise jurisdiction over crimes committed on lath that aircraft while it is in flying".[16] While the Convention does not make hijacking an international criminal offence, it does contain provisions which obligate the country in which a hijacked shipping lands to restore the shipping to its responsible possessor, and allow the passengers and crew to continue their journey.[xvi] [26] The Convention came into forcefulness in December 1969.

A year later, in December 1970, the Hague Convention was drafted which punishes hijackers, enabling each state to prosecute a hijacker if that state does not extradite them, and to deprive them from asylum from prosecution.[16]

On December five, 1972, the FAA issued emergency rules requiring all passengers and their deport-on baggage to be screened.[27] Airports slowly implemented walk-through metallic detectors, manus-searches and X-ray machines, to prohibit weapons and explosive devices.[27] These rules came into effect on Jan v, 1973, and were welcomed by most of the public.[v] In 1974, Congress enacted a statute which provided for the death penalisation for acts of shipping piracy resulting in death.[28] Between 1968 and 1977, there were approximately 41 hijackings per year.[viii]

1980–2000 [edit]

By 1980, airport screening and greater cooperation from the international community led to fewer successful hijackings; the number of events had significantly dropped beneath the 1968 level.[29] Betwixt 1978 and 1988, there were roughly 26 incidents of hijackings a twelvemonth.[eight] A new threat emerged in the 1980s: organised terrorists destroying aircraft to draw attention. For instance, terrorist groups were responsible for the bombing of Air India Flight 182 over the Irish coast. In 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was bombed flying over Scotland.[eight] Terrorist activity which included hijack attempts in the Centre E were likewise a cause of business concern.[30]

During the 1990s, in that location was relative peace in the U.s. airspace every bit the threat of domestic hijacking was seen every bit a distant memory.[31] Globally, however, hijackings withal persisted. Betwixt 1993 and 2003, the highest number of hijackings occurred in 1993 (see table beneath). This number can be attributed to events in China where hijackers were trying to gain political aviary in Taiwan.[31] Europe and the rest of East Asia were not immune either. On December 26, 1994, Air France Flight 8969 with 172 passengers and crew was hijacked after leaving Algiers. Government believed that the goal was to crash the plane into the Eiffel Tower. On June 21, 1995, All Nippon Airways Flight 857 was hijacked past a man challenge to be a member of the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult, demanding the release of its imprisoned leader Shoko Asahara. The incident was resolved when the police stormed the plane.

On October 17, 1996, the first hijacking that was brought to an end while airborne was carried out by four operatives of the Austrian special constabulary enforcement unit of measurement Cobra on a Russian Aeroflot flight from Malta to Lagos, Nigeria, aboard a Tupolev Tu-154. The operatives escorted inmates detained for deportation to their homelands and were equipped with weapons and gloves.[32] [33] On 12 April 1999, 6 ELN members hijacked a Fokker 50 of Avianca Flight 9463, flying from Bucaramanga to Bogotá. Many hostages were held for more than a year, and the concluding hostage was finally freed 19 months after the hijacking.[34] [35]

Annual hijack incidents, 1993–2003[31]
Yr 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total
Number fifty 25 eight 16 12 fourteen 12 22 5 5 7 176

2001–present [edit]

On September 11, 2001, four airliners were hijacked by 19 Al-Qaeda extremists: American Airlines Flying 11, United Airlines Flying 175, American Airlines Flying 77 and United Airlines Flight 93. The start two planes were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and the 3rd was crashed into The Pentagon building. The fourth crashed in a field in Stonycreek Township well-nigh Shanksville, Pennsylvania after crew and passengers attempted to overpower the hijackers. Authorities believe that the intended target was the U.S. Capitol. In total, ii,996 people perished and more than than 6,000 were injured in the attacks, making the hijackings the deadliest in modern history.

Post-obit the attacks, the U.S. authorities formed the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to handle airport screening at U.S. airports. Authorities agencies around the world tightened their airport security, procedures and intelligence gathering.[36] Until the September eleven attacks, there had never been an incident whereby a passenger aircraft was used as a weapon of mass destruction. The 9/xi Commission study stated that it was always assumed that a "hijacking would take the traditional form";[37] therefore, airline crews never had a contingency program for a suicide-hijacking.[38] As Patrick Smith, an airline pilot, summarizes:

1 of the big ironies here is the success of the 2001 attacks had nil to do with airport security in the start place. It was a failure of national security. What the men actually exploited was a weakness in our mind-ready – a set of presumptions based on decades-long rail record of hijackings. In years by, a hijacking meant a diversion, with earnest negotiations and standoffs. The only weapon that mattered was the intangible one: the element of surprise.[39]

Throughout the mid-2000s, hijackings notwithstanding occurred but in that location were much fewer incidents and casualties. The number of incidents had been declining, even earlier the September 11 attacks. One notable incident in 2006 was the hijacking of Turkish Airlines Flight 1476, flying from Tirana to Istanbul, which was seized by a man named Hakan Ekinci. The aircraft, with 107 passengers and 6 coiffure, made distress calls to air traffic control and the plane was escorted by armed forces aircraft before landing safely at Brindisi, Italy. In 2007, several incidents occurred in the Centre East and Northern Africa; hijackers in one of these incidents claimed to exist affiliated with Al-Qaeda.[twoscore] Towards the end of the decade, AeroMexico experienced its first terror incident when Flying 576 was hijacked by a man demanding to speak with President Calderón.

Since 2010, the Aviation Safety Network estimates there accept been xv hijackings worldwide with 3 fatalities.[41] This is a considerably lower figure than in previous decades which tin can be attributed to greater security enhancements and sensation of September 11–mode attacks.[42] [43] On June 29, 2012, an attempt was made to hijack Tianjin Airlines Flight GS7554 from Hotan to Ürümqi in Red china. More recently was the 2016 hijacking of EgyptAir Flight MS181, involving an Egyptian human being who claimed to have a bomb and ordered the airplane to country in Cyprus. He surrendered several hours afterward, after freeing the passengers and crew.[42]

Countermeasures [edit]

Every bit a effect of the large number of U.South.–Republic of cuba hijackings in the belatedly 1960s to early 1970s, international airports introduced screening technology such as metallic detectors, X-ray machines and explosive detection tools. In the U.S, these rules were enforced starting from January 1973[v] and were eventually copied around the world. These security measures did make hijacking a "college-chance suggestion" and deter criminals in later decades.[44] Until September 2001, the FAA set and enforced a "layered" arrangement of defence force: hijacking intelligence, passenger pre-screening, checkpoint screening and on-board security. The idea was that if one layer were later to fail, some other would be able stop a hijacker from boarding a plane. Notwithstanding, the nine/11 Committee found that this layered approach was flawed and unsuitable to prevent the September eleven attacks.[45] The U.S Transportation Security Administration has since strengthened this approach, with a greater emphasis on intelligence sharing.[46] [47]

On-board security [edit]

Hijacking attack simulation by South African special forces

In the history of hijackings, most incidents involved planes beingness forced to land at a certain destination with demands. As a consequence, commercial airliners adopted a "total compliance" rule which taught pilots and cabin crew to comply with the hijackers' demands.[39] Crews suggest passengers to sit quietly to increase their chances of survival. The ultimate goal is to land the plane safely and let the security forces handle the situation. The FAA suggested that the longer a hijacking persisted, the more likely it would end peacefully with the hijackers reaching their goal.[48] Although total compliance is nonetheless relevant, the events of September eleven inverse this prototype as this technique cannot prevent a suicide hijacking.

Information technology is at present[ when? ] evident that each hijacking situation needs to be evaluated on a case-past-example basis. Cabin coiffure, now enlightened of the severe consequences, have a greater responsibleness for maintaining control of their shipping. Most airlines also requite crew members training in self-defense tactics.[49] E'er since the 1970s, coiffure are taught to be vigilant for suspicious behaviour. For example, passengers who have no deport-on luggage, or are continuing side by side to the cockpit door with fidgety movements. There have been various incidents when crew and passengers intervened to forestall attacks: on December 22, 2001, Richard Reid attempted to ignite explosives on American Airlines Flight 63. In 2009, on Northwest Flight 253, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to detonate explosives sewn into his underwear. In 2012, the attempted hijacking of Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 was stopped when cabin coiffure placed a trolley in-front of the cockpit door and asked passengers for assist.[50]

American Airlines Flight eleven [edit]

In the September 11 attacks, crew on 1 of the hijacked planes went beyond their scope of training past informing the airline ground crew about the events on board. In divide phone calls, Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong provided information on seat numbers of the attackers and passenger injuries. This helped regime identify them.

Cockpit security [edit]

As early as 1964, the FAA required cockpit doors on commercial aircraft be kept locked during flight.[sixteen] In 2002, U.S. Congress passed the Arming Pilots Confronting Terrorism Act, assuasive pilots at U.S. airlines to carry guns in the cockpit. Since 2003, these pilots are known as Federal Flight Deck Officers. It is estimated that ane in x of the 125,000 commercial pilots are trained and armed.[51] Besides in 2002, aircraft manufacturers such as Airbus introduced a reinforced cockpit door which is resistant to gunfire and forced entry.[52] Shortly later on, the FAA required operators of more than 6,000 shipping to install tougher cockpit doors by April 9, 2003.[36] Rules were also tightened to restrict cockpit access and go far easier for pilots to lock the doors.[53] [54] In 2015, Germanwings Flight 9525 was seized by the co-pilot and deliberately crashed, while the captain was out. The captain was unable to re-enter the cockpit, because the airline had already reinforced the cockpit door. The European Aviation Rubber Agency issued a recommendation for airlines to ensure that at least ii people, one pilot and a member of cabin crew, occupy the cockpit during flying.[55] The FAA in the United States enforce a similar rule.[56]

Air marshal service [edit]

Some countries operate a marshal service, which puts members of law enforcement on loftier-take a chance flights based on intelligence.[36] Their function is to keep passengers safe, by preventing hijackings and other criminal acts committed on a plane. Federal marshals in the U.S. are required to identify themselves before boarding a aeroplane; marshals of other countries oft are not.[57] According to the Congressional Research Service, the budget for the U.S. Federal Air Marshal Service was U.s.$719 million in 2007.[36] Marshals ofttimes sit as regular passengers, at the forepart of the plane to let observation of the cockpit. Despite the expansion of the marshal service, they cannot exist on every plane, and they rarely face a real threat on a flight. Critics have questioned the need for them.[58]

Air traffic command [edit]

At that place is no generic or fix of rules for handling a hijacking situation. Air traffic controllers are expected to practice their all-time judgement and expertise when dealing with the credible consequences of an unlawful interference or hijack.[59] [60] [61] Depending on the jurisdiction, the controller volition inform authorities, such as the military machine, who will escort the hijacked aeroplane. Controllers are expected to keep communications to a minimum and clear the runway for a possible landing.[59]

Legislation for downing hijacked aircraft [edit]

Germany [edit]

In Jan 2005, a federal law came into force in Federal republic of germany, chosen the Luftsicherheitsgesetz, which allows "straight action by armed force" against a hijacked aircraft to forestall a September 11–style set on. However, in February 2006 the Federal Constitutional Courtroom of Federal republic of germany struck down these provisions of the law, stating such preventive measures were unconstitutional and would substantially be state-sponsored murder, even if such an act would save many more than lives on the ground. The main reason behind this decision was that the state would effectively be killing innocent hostages in gild to avoid a terrorist assail.[62] The Courtroom likewise ruled that the Minister of Defense is constitutionally not entitled to act in terrorism matters, equally this is the duty of the state and federal constabulary forces.[63] President of Deutschland Horst Köhler urged judicial review of the constitutionality of the Luftsicherheitsgesetz afterward he signed it into police in 2005.

India [edit]

India published its new anti-hijacking policy in Baronial 2005.[64] The policy came into strength after approval from the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS). The main points of the policy are:

  • Whatever attempt to hijack will be considered an deed of aggression against the country and will prompt a response fit for an aggressor.
  • Hijackers, if captured alive, volition be put on trial, convicted, and sentenced to decease.
  • Hijackers will exist engaged in negotiations only to bring the incident to an end, to comfort passengers and to prevent loss of lives.
  • The hijacked aeroplane will exist shot downwards if it is accounted to become a missile heading for strategic targets.
  • The hijacked plane will exist escorted past armed fighter aircraft and will be forced to land.
  • A hijacked grounded aeroplane will not be immune to take off nether any circumstance.

United states [edit]

Prior to the September 11 attacks, countermeasures were focused on "traditional" hijackings. As such, there were no specific rules for handling suicide hijackings, where aircraft would be used as a weapon.[37] Moreover, military response at the time consisted of multiple uncoordinated units, each with its own set of rules of engagement with no unified command structure.[38] Presently afterwards the attacks, nonetheless, new rules of engagement were introduced, authorizing the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) – the Air Strength command tasked with protecting U.S. airspace – to shoot down hijacked commercial airliners if necessary.[65] In 2003, the armed services stated that fighter pilots exercise this scenario several times a calendar week.[66]

Other countries [edit]

Poland and Russia are amidst other countries that have had laws or directives for shooting down hijacked planes.[67] Withal, in September 2008 the Polish Constitutional Court ruled that the Polish rules were unconstitutional, and voided them.[68]

International law [edit]

Tokyo Convention [edit]

The Convention on Offences and Sure Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, known equally the Tokyo Convention, is an international treaty which entered forcefulness on Dec 4, 1969. As of 2015[update], it has been ratified by 186 parties. Article eleven of the Tokyo Convention states the post-obit:

1. When a person on board has unlawfully committed by force or threat thereof an human activity of interference, seizure, or other wrongful practice of control of an aircraft in flying or when such an human action is about to be committed, Contracting States shall have all appropriate measures to restore control of the aircraft to its lawful commander or to preserve his control of the aircraft. 2. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the Contracting State in which the aircraft lands shall permit its passengers and crew to go on their journeying as soon as practicable, and shall render the shipping and its cargo to the persons lawfully entitled to possession.

The signatories agree that if there is unlawful takeover of an aircraft, or a threat of it on their territory, then they will accept all necessary measures to regain or keep control over an aircraft. The captain can also disembark a suspected person on the territory of any state, where the aircraft lands, and that state must agree to information technology, as stated in Articles viii and 12 of the convention.[69]

Hague Convention [edit]

The Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (known as the Hague Convention) went into effect on October 14, 1971. Every bit of 2013[update], the convention has 185 signatories.

Montreal Convention [edit]

The Montreal Convention is a multilateral treaty adopted past a diplomatic meeting of ICAO member states in 1999. Information technology amended important provisions of the Warsaw Convention'south authorities concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters.

In popular civilisation [edit]

  • The 1997 Hollywood film Air Force One is based on the fictional hijacking of Air Forcefulness One.[70]
  • Hijacking is a central theme in the Turbulence movie trilogy.
  • In Mission: Impossible 2, one of the picture's antagonists hijacks a plane at the get-go of the movie.
  • The 2006 film United 93 is based on the existent events onboard United Airlines Flight 93 1 of the four airlines hijacked during the September eleven attacks.
  • The 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises features an opening sequence of hijacking and crashing an aircraft for the purpose of kidnapping a homo and faking his death.[71]
  • The film Con Air features a U.S. Marshals aircraft being hijacked by the maximum-security prisoners on lath.
  • The Taking of Flying 847: The Uli Derickson Story was a made-for-Television set picture based on the actual hijacking of TWA Flight 847, every bit seen through the eyes of the chief flight attendant Uli Derickson.[72]
  • Rider 57 depicts an airline security proficient trapped on a passenger jet when terrorists seize control.[73]
  • Executive Decision depicts a Boeing 747 carrying 400 passengers beingness hijacked by Algerian terrorists, and U.Southward. marine and Army special forces employ a reconnaissance aircraft to re-have the plane.
  • Skyjacked is a 1972 motion-picture show about a crazed Vietnam War veteran hijacking an airliner, demanding to be taken to the Soviet Union.[74]
  • The 1986 film The Delta Force depicted a Special Forces squad tasked with retaking a aeroplane hijacked by Lebanese terrorists, loosely based on the hijacking of TWA Flight 847.[75]
  • The 2004 film The Assassination of Richard Nixon, based on a true incident, depicts a disillusioned tire salesman who attempts to hijack a plane in 1974 and crash it into the White House. His attempt failed and he was mortally wounded by an drome policeman. He killed himself before law stormed the plane.
  • The 2006 movie Snakes On a Plane is a fictional story about shipping piracy through the in-flying release of venomous snakes.[76]
  • In Harold and Kumar two, ii U.S. Air Marshals subdue Harold and Kumar on board a aeroplane after mistaking them for terrorists.
  • The 2011 film Payanam [77] is a movie entirely based on the negotiations and rescue operations washed by the Indian security forces in response to a flying hijacking incident.
  • In the 2013 video game Grand Theft Machine Five the histrion is tasked with hijacking a cargo aeroplane carrying a big shipment of weapons by crashing a crop duster into the cargo bay mid-flight and fighting to seize control of the aircraft. The cargo plane is later shot downwards past the US Air Force, requiring the player to bail out.
  • The 2014 film Non-Stop depicts an aircraft hijacking.[78]
  • The Indian flick Neerja is based on the hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi.
  • In 2016, German television circulate the picture "Terror – Ihr Urteil" ("Terror – Your Judgement"), in which a Bundeswehr military machine pilot shoots downwardly a hijacked rider plane with 164 people on lath that was heading towards a stadium filled with 70,000 people. Following the broadcast, a public vote was chosen for in Germany, Republic of austria and Switzerland, and 86.ix% of viewers voted that the pilot was not guilty of murder.[79]
  • The 2019 film 7500 depicts the struggle of a airplane pilot to state an aircraft and maintain command of its cockpit during a hijacking.

See besides [edit]

  • Air pirate
  • Airdrome security
  • Canadian Air Transport Security Authority
  • Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
  • El Al
  • Federal Air Marshal Service
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation
  • Federal crime in the United States
  • List of shipping hijackings
  • List of Republic of cuba–United States aircraft hijackings
  • Palestinian political violence
  • Terrorism
  • Transportation Security Assistants (TSA)
  • The states Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

References [edit]

  1. ^ "49 U.Due south. Code § 46502 – Aircraft piracy". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2015-12-06 .
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  3. ^ "Air China pilot hijacks his ain jet to Taiwan". CNN. 28 October 1998. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
  4. ^ B. Raman (two January 2000). "PLANE HIJACKING: IN PERSPECTIVE". South asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c Nelson, Libby (2016-03-29). "The United states of america in one case had more than 130 hijackings in 4 years. Here'due south why they finally stopped". Vox. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-06-29 .
  6. ^ Lauri Puintila (2010). Kaappari Lamminparras: Suomen ensimmäisen konekaappauksen tarina (in Finnish). WSOY. ISBN978-951-0-35501-5.
  7. ^ "History of airliner hijackings". 2001-10-03. Archived from the original on 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2019-06-29 .
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External links [edit]

  • "The Outset Hijacking Myth" at Fortnight Journal
  • "America's beginning highjacking" at A Blast From the By

clinecaravered.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking

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